Should Children with Adhd Be Medicated Essays - 2080 Words

Should children with ADHD be medicated? Although many parents, doctors, and teachers would say yes I believe there are far too many risks for children with ADHD to be medicated. [You left out a comma in the previous sentence.] Diagnosing ADHD is purely a matter of a doctors opinion. Parents often use medication as the first option for their children instead of trying alternative methods of medication. Medication needs to be the last option. Children with ADHD are being medicated unnecessarily. The problem is there are no biological tests for the disorder, and it cannot be revealed through a blood test. ADHD should be the last resort for a diagnosis, but it is often the first choice. In many cases a child who is disruptive in class or†¦show more content†¦A vicious cycle happens such as doctors prescribing more medication, as treatment continues its calming effects diminish, requiring more medication. [another comma splice] The drug rebound is easily confused with the childs ADHD, causing the Doctor to increase the medication. Between 1990 and 2000 186 children died from taking the drug Ritalin, and research is also being done to see if Ritalin causes brain damage. [You need a comma after the dates.] KC(2007) parents who have chosen medication give mixed testimony. Some have had dramatic and outstanding results. Others have not had such good luck with many modifications in the childs medication with few results. Some parents mourn the loss of a spark that their child once had, and others say they noticed no personality changes in their child. Some people who initially decided against medication had poor results and realized a tremendous turn around once they decided to medicate. The outcome with medication is very individualized for the child as it would be without medication. Benefits of medication may include more control of a childs behavior, improvement in a childs ability to concentrate, and moreShow MoreRelatedEssay On Children Overmedicated In America1420 Words   |  6 Pages Children Are Being Overmedicated in America We as people often take medications for any problem we may have, from headaches to conditions that are more serious. While most prescribed medication is necessary, some of it is not. Many children are being given medication when they don’t need it. According to a statistics report done by the National Institute of Mental Health, there has been a 21% increase in the number of children on psychiatric drugs from 1988-1994 to 2007-2010. These children areRead MoreThe Dangers Of Adhd Medications1060 Words   |  5 PagesADHD Medications The Perils Within Medicating our children with ADHD, is having a disastrous effect on our society. 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Such scholastic victory in the education of children results in positive behavior as well as an increase in productivity within classroom environments as a whole. Although a few voices question the alternative approaches in accommodating ADHD affected students, the strategiesRead MorePsychology And Medication : Are Children Being Misdiagnosed And Over Medicated1334 Words   |  6 Pages Psychology and Medication: Are children being misdiagnosed and over medicated. Medicating Children is not the Right Thing to do There are many types of people who may have Attention Deficit Disorder, also known as ADD/ADHD, which is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ADD is defined as learning disorder affecting children, adolescents, and some adults. Common symptoms of ADD are learning and behavioral difficulties as well as the typical problem of ADHD, hyperactivity. Males are more likelyRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Police Brutality Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagescan take away from and use in the future.† I began pondering. Bingo! â€Å"Are children being overly medicated?† This interested me because my father always talked about how when he was a kid he was put on Ritalin for ADHD, and constantly discusses with me his fear for his little brother who is currently being medicated for ADHD. I read one article, and it stated that maybe kids are just being under treated, not overly medicated. That interested me, and made me think about my own life. Ever since freshmanRead MoreAttention D eficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1991 Words   |  8 Pages Highway to Over Medication (ADHD) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood disorders in the country -- and its numbers are growing rapidly (â€Å"Attention Deficit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ). In 2007, 9.5 percent of children were diagnosed; this number jumped to 11 percent in 2011 (Hanscom A18). A whopping 6 percent of these children are on medication for the disorder (Frances 49-50). Magill’s Medical Guide says: â€Å"[ADHD is] a condition characterized by an inability to focus attentionRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )912 Words   |  4 PagesAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a serious neurodevelopment disorder that has affected an innumerable number of children and adults in the United States (Centers for disease Control and Prevention, 2013). It is one of the most common disorders that can cause difficulty at school and home and can also remain into adulthood. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)publishes a web page on ADHD to inform and persuade the public that ADHD is a condition that they should be concerned about. TheRead MoreOverprescribing Of Stimulants For ADHD Case Study969 Words   |  4 PagesStimulants for ADHD The most extensively studied childhood neurobehavioral disorder is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a chronic condition that occurs in about 8% of children and youth (Harstad Levy, 2014). Stimulant medications (i.e. methylphenidate and amphetamine) are very effective in decreasing the core symptoms of ADHD (Harstad Levy, 2014). Due to the increasing rates of stimulant prescriptions, there is now controversy on whether overdiagnosis of ADHD in youth and

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 1441 Words

Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn more about the disorder. The purpose of this paper is to explain what is currently known about ASD: general facts, symptoms, prognosis, treatment, and demographics. A Description of Autism Autism is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. It†¦show more content†¦Structural and functional brain imaging reveals that ASD affects multiple parts of the brain (Amaral, Geschwind, Dawson, 2011), likely affecting the cerebellum, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala (Santangelo Tsatsanis, 2005). Many things are unknown about autism and scientists are searching for the causes of autism, the source of savant skills in those with autism, the best ways to diagnose ASD, the best ways to treat ASD, and more (Amaral, Geschwind, Dawson, 2011). Symptoms of ASD Symptoms of ASD are divided into three categories: problems with social interaction, problems with speech and communication, and problems with behavior (Amaral, Geschwind, Dawson, 2011). In general, symptoms of autism decline as a person ages (Social, 2013). Problems with social interaction are mainly connected to difficulty establishing close relationships with others (Rutter, 1978). Those with ASD may exhibit disinterest in reciprocating communication or in interacting with others at all, for example not responding to another person’s greeting (Fernell, Eriksson, Gillberg, 2013). They may also act apathetically, not caring if another person such as a parent is feeling sad or angry (Amaral, Geschwind, Dawson, 2011). Examples of problems with speech and communication include difficulty with pronunciation, pronoun reversal, where the speaker uses incorrect pronouns in a phrase, and echolalia, the uncontrollable

Revolution in Communication Free Essays

As a technology, it is called multimedia. As a revolution, it is the sum of many revolutions wrapped into one: A revolution in communication that combines the audio visual power of television, the publishing power of the printing press, and the interactive power of the computer. Multimedia is the convergence of these different professions, once thought independent of one another, coming together to form a new technological approach to the way information and ideas are shared. We will write a custom essay sample on Revolution in Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now What will society look like under the evolving institutions of interactive multimedia technologies? Well, if the 1980†³s were a time for media tycoons, the 1990†³s will be for the self-styled visionaries. These gurus see a dawning digital age in which the humble television will mutate into a two-way medium for a vast amount of information and entertainment. We can expect to see: movies-on-demand, video games, databases, educational programming, home shopping, telephone services, telebanking, teleconferencing, even the complex simulations of virtual reality. This souped-up television will itself be a powerful computer. This, many believe, will be the world†s biggest media group, letting consumers tune into anything, anywhere, anytime. The most extraordinary thing about the multimedia boom, is that so many moguls are spending such vast sums to develop digital technologies, for the delivering of programs and services which are still largely hypothetical. So what is behind such grand prophecies? Primarily, two technological advances known as digitization (including digital compression), and fibre optics. Both are indispensable to the high-speed networks that will deliver dynamic new services to homes and offices. Digitization means translating information, either video, audio, or text, into ones and zeros, which make it easier to send, store, and manipulate. Compression squeezes this information so that more of it can be sent using a given amount of transmission capacity or bandwidth. Fibre-optic cables are producing a vast increase in the amount of bandwidth available. Made of glass so pure that a sheet of it 70 miles thick would be as clear as a window-pane, and the solitary strand of optical fibre the width of a human hair can carry 1,000 times as much information as all radio frequencies put together. This expansion of bandwidth is what is making two-way communication, or interactivity, possible. Neither digitization nor fibre optics is new. But it was only this year that America†s two biggest cable-TV owners, TCI and Time Warner , said they would spend $2 billion and $5 billion respectively to deploy both technologies in their systems, which together serve a third of America†s 60m cable homes. Soon, some TCI subscriptions will be wired to receive 500 channels rather than the customary 50; Time Warner will launch a trail full-service network in Florida with a range of interactive services. These two announcements signaled the start of a mad multimedia scramble in America, home market to many of the world†s biggest media, publishing, telecoms and computer companies, almost all of which have entered the fray. The reasons are simple: greed and fear: greed for new sources of revenue; fear that profits from current businesses may fall as a result of reregulation or cut-throat competition. Multimedia has already had a profound affect on how these businesses interact with one another. Mergers such as Time Warner, Turner Broadcasting, and Paramount have set the stage. These companies continue the race to be the first to lay solid infrastructure, and set new industry standards. Following in the shadows will be mergers between: software, film, television, publishing, and telephone industries, each trying to gain market share in the emerging market. So far, most firms have rejected the hostile takeovers that marked the media business in the 1980s. Instead, they have favored an array of alliances and joint ventures akin to Japan†s loose-knit Keiretsu business groupings. TCI†s boss, John Malone, evokes â€Å"octopuses with their hands in each other†s pockets-where one starts and the other stops will be hard to decide.† These alliances represent a model of corporate structure which many see as mere marriages of convenience, in which none wants to miss out on any futuristic markets. One may wonder how this race for market share and the merging of these corporations will affect them personally. Well, at this point and time, it is hard to say. However, there is some thought in the direction we are headed. The home market, which was stated earlier, has its origins based around early pioneers such as Atari, Nintindo, and Sega. These companies started with simple games, but as technology increased, it began to open up new doors. The games themselves are becoming more sophisticated and intelligent and are now offering some of the first genres capable of attracting and holding an adult audience. Just around the corner looms the promise of interactive television, which threatens to turn the standard American couch potato into the newly rejuvenated couch commando. Through interactive television, which will actually be a combination of the telephone, computer, and television, you will have access to shopping, movies, and other types of information on demand. As this technology increases, it will give way to a form that is known as virtual reality. Imagine, with the use of headgear, goggles, and sensory gloves, being able to actually feel and think you are in another place. For instance, going shopping at a mall could be done in the privacy of your own living room, by just strapping on your headgear. Another break through in the home market is video telephony. These are telephone systems that also broadcast video images. Imagine being able to communicate instantly with voice, picture, and text with a business colleague or a loved one thousands of miles away. Interactive multimedia systems promise to revolutionize education. In a complex world of constant change, where knowledge becomes obsolete every few years, education can no longer be something that one aquires during youth to serve for an entire lifetime. Rather, education must focus on instilling the ability to continue learning throughout life. Fortunately, the information-technology revolution is creating a new form of electronic, interactive education that should blossom into a lifelong learning system that allows almost anyone to learn almost anything from anywhere, at anytime. The key technology in future education is interactive multimedia. The purpose of multimedia in education as in so many other multimedia applications, is to: enhance the transfer of information, encourage participation, stimulate the senses and enhance information retention. Multimedia uses a powerful combination of earlier technologies that constitutes an extraordinary advance in the capability of machines to assist the educational process. Interactive multimedia combines computer hardware, software, and peripheral equipment to provide a rich mixture of text, graphics, sound, animation, full-motion video, data, and other information. Although multimedia has been technically feasible for many years, only recently has it become a major focus for commercial development. Interactive multimedia systems can serve a variety of purposes but their great power resides in highly sophisticated software that employs scientifically based educational methods to guide the student through a path of instruction individually tailored to suit the special needs of each person. As instruction progresses and intelligent systems are used, the system learns about the student†s strengths and weaknesses and then uses this knowledge to make the learning experience fit the need of that particular student. Interactive multimedia has several key advantages. First, students receive training when and where they need it. An instructor does not have to be present, so students can select the time best suited to their personal schedules. Second, students can adjourn training at any point in the lesson and return to it later. Third, the training is highly effective because it is based on the most powerful principles of individualized learning. Students find the program interesting, so they stick with it. Retention of the material learned is excellent. Fourth, the same videodisk equipment can be used to support a variety of training paths. Last, both the training and the testing are objectively and efficiently measured and tracked. Educational systems of this type, offered by IBM under the product labeled Ultimedia, engage students in an interactive learning experience that mixes color movie, bold graphics, music, voice narration, and text; for instance, the program Columbus allows students to relive the great navigator†s voyages and explore the New World as it looked when Columbus first saw it. The ability to control the learning experience makes the student an active rather than a passive learner. Other common systems include Sim City, Carmen San Diego, and a variety of popular multimedia games created by Broderbound Softwarek, one of the biggest companies in this new field. Rather than old drill and kill forms of computerized instruction that bore students, this new entertaining form of education is far more effective precisely because kids get totally immersed in an exciting experience. Classroom computers with multimedia capabilities seem to have sky-rocketed in every faucet of the education arena. From pre-schoolers to college students, learning adapting to this multimedia craze was not hard to do. Teachers and Professors alike share in this technology to plan out their curricular schedules and school calendar. Most will agree that classroom computers seem to have a positive effect on students of the 90†³s. As schools and universities become more technology driven, there will be an even bigger plea for more multimedia enhancements. The 1980†³s witnessed the introduction and widespread use of personal computers at all levels of schooling. During the decade the number of computers used in U.S. elementary and secondary schools increased from under 100,000 to over 2.5 million. A majority of students now use computers and computer software sometime during the school-year, either to learn about computers or as a tool for learning other subjects. By the end of the decade, the typical school had 1 computer per 20 students, a ration that computer educators feel is still not high enough to affect classroom learning as much as books and classroom conversion do. How to cite Revolution in Communication, Papers

Public Open Space Desktop Auditing Tool

Question: Discuss about the Public Open Space Desktop Auditing Tool. Answer: Introduction: The overall study mainly helps in depicting the auditing process, which might be used by the auditors for conducting the audit report on Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd. Moreover, the study also helps in depicting and indentifying the relative audit risk, which might encircle the audit process of the company. Furthermore, the novice effectively depicts the impact of the weakness on the financial ascertain report of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd. In addition, the overall study effectively provides relevant suggestions, which might help in reducing the audit risk that might hinder the authenticity of its financial report. Lastly, the novice effectively provides relevant information regarding the two computerised accounting software, which might be used in the audit engagement for effectively reducing the overall audit risk. Identifying the implications that might be conducted in the audit process of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd and effectively provide relevant steps to reduce audit risk: The depicted ratios after comparing with the additional information might have a certain risk, which might negatively affect the audit process of Nirvana Pty ltd. Carey, Knechel and Tanewski (2013) stated that AASB has effectively depicted the audit steps, which might be used by the auditors to reduce the overall audit risk, which might negatively affect its financial report. In addition, the following ratios that might have implications on the audit process are as follows. Inventory turnover ratio: The additional information that is presented in the case study of Nirvana Pty ltd mainly depicts that the inventory system is not maintained automatically and purchases are conducted on cash basis without any receipt. This situation might mainly increase the overall material misstatement occurrence in the books of Nirvana Pty ltd. Furthermore, it is also stated in the additional information that the sales representative is able to add more products in the original invoice and the company generates no additional invoice. This type of system might mainly increase the chance of misstatement that might be conducted by the employees. Mygind et al. (2016) stated that identification of material misstatement mainly help the auditors to reduce the audit risk, which might negatively affect its financial performance. In addition, the wrong depiction of inventory might mainly affect its current ratio, which might in turn increase its inherited risk. The company could effectively use obsolete inv entory system to reduce the overall audit risk of Nirvana Pty ltd. Current ratio: The overall ratios that is been represented in the case of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd mainly states that the companys audited current ratio is higher than the unaudited value and is higher than the industry benchmark. This inflammation main helps in depicting the higher current assets of the company. Lye et al. (2014) argued that the inclusion of inventory in the current assets mainly decreases the overall ability of the investors to evaluate the adequate financial condition of the company. On the other hand, Legge et al. (2016) stated that investors with the help of ratios are able to detect companys ability to pay its short-term obligations by selling its noncurrent assets. In addition, the error of omission and clerical error could be identified in the current ratio. Days in receivables: In addition, the overall data is been presented in the ratio for days in receivable is clashing with the additional information provided in the case study. Moreover, the additional information mainly states that the client have to lay the purchase amount within 7 days of the invoice day. However, in the ratio it is depicted that day in receivables is mainly at 8, which is majorly contradicting with additional information and might increase audit risk. Moreover, Days in receivables might be having errors in omission, which might in turn increase audit risk (Hui et al. 2014). Identifying the strength and weakness in the internal controls system of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd: The major strengths of the overall internal control system of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd are effectively depicted below. Use of computerised system: Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd effectively uses the computerized system, which in turn helps in recoding the transaction that is been conducted by the company with sales and purchases. In addition, the system also helps in recording the payment that is being received by the company directly from the bank statement. Edwards et al. (2013) stated that effective accounting system mainly helps in improving the overall recoding keeping of the company, which might reduce risk of audit. Strict access rules: The strict access that is needed for the software mainly helps in improving the internal control, which is needed to reduce the audit risk. In addition, the reduced accesses to the computerised services mainly help in limiting the material misstatement, which might pose audit risk. Singh et al. (2014) mentioned that strict access rule in accounting software mainly helps in reducing the unethical practises that might be conducted by the employee to increase their personal income. Adequate accepting for holiday pay, paid sick leave and overtime system: In addition, the holiday pay, paid sick leave and overtime payroll system of the company is adequate, which might help in depicting the adequate pay of its employee. Moreover, the company is able to depict the overtime of the employee, which needs to be paid by the company with the help of the computerised system (Barrington and Ho 2014). The major limitations of the overall internal control system of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd are depicted as follows. Incompetent software: The software that is currently being used by the company is incompetent in many ways, which might in turn have drastic impact on the material misstatement. In addition, the software is able to provide the list of creditors, which might help in evaluating the payments received from debtors. In addition, the company uses two different types of softwares for purchase and reconciliation, which might in turn increase the chances of material misstatement. Yu et al. (2015) argued that use of different softwares might depict different balances and reduce efficiency of the accounting system. Additional adjustments: In addition, the employees are allowed to adjust the sales invoice as per the demand of the client, which might in turn increase the chances of material misstatement and unethical measures. In addition, there are many short payment that is been found, which only indicates that the employees are manipulating the system for personal use. These adjustments might mainly affect the audit report and post wrong financial statement of the company. Yu et al. (2015) stated that low monitoring in the accounting department mainly increases the unethical practices conducted by the employees to increase their personal gain. Cash purchases: In addition, George has been conducting cash purchases without any type of receipts and is recorded in a slip. Thus, there is high chance of error in recoding, which might be conducted by the accountant as there is not significant proof regarding the purchases of the projects. Peecher, Solomon and Trotman (2013) stated that auditors with the help of audit steps are able to reduce the risk and material misstatement from the transaction of the company. Limited financing workforce: In addition, the limited workforce that is being deployed by the company is mainly affecting the authenticity of its audit report. In addition, the company only has one accountant for recoding all the transaction there is no support or help, which is being provided to the accountant. Thus, the accountant might conduct material misstatement, as there is no supervision. In addition, the short payments from clients and duplicate payments to creditors mainly depict the misstatement, which is being conducted by the accountant in their financial books. Cohen et al. (2013) argued that companies use limited workforce to reduce the overall expenditure, which in turn increase the misstatements in their financial report. Duplicate payments: After the evaluation of additional information duplicate payments were found, which were mainly conducted to creditors providing 7 days of credit limit. In addition, the duplicate payments were increasing the overall misstatement, which might poses risk to the audit report and hamper companys creditability. Abbott et al. (2016) cited that duplicate payments made by employees could be effectively detected by following the exact audit rules. Depicting the impact of weakness in internal control, which might affect financial report assertion and audit of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd: Internal control weakness Financial report assertions Incompetent software Existence assertion Additional adjustments Occurrence assertion Cash purchases Occurrence assertion Duplicate payments Occurrence and completeness assertion Table 1: Depicting the financial assertion faced by Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd (Source: as created by author) The overall table 1 mainly helped in depicting the financial assertion, which might be generated from the weakness of internal control system. Kinney, Martin and Shepardson (2013) mentioned that financial assertion mainly decreases the authenticity of the financial report and reduces trust of its investors. On the other hand, Griffith, Hammersley and Kadous (2015) argued that some auditors mainly help companies to hide their financial assertion by inflating their financial report. The financial assertion that is being faced by Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd is as follows. Existence assertion: The software that is being used by the company might increase the overall existence assertion, as the record keeping of the company was being hindered. Thus, the increased exposure of material misstatement might mainly reduce the authenticity of the assets and liabilities of the company. Ghosh and Tang (2015) cited that presence of existence assertion might mainly reduce the overall authenticity of the companys balance sheet. Occurrence assertion: In addition, the record keeping that is being conducted by the accountant for all the sales and purchases manually is mainly increasing the occurrence assertion. Moreover, record conducted for cash transaction is mainly depicting the wrong transaction, which might be recorded by the accountant. van et al. (2014) stated that occurrence assertion might take place due to wrong depiction of receipts in the balance sheet of the company. Completeness assertion: In addition, completeness assertion is also present in the company as the employees might manipulate the accounting software during readjustment. Moreover, duplicate payments that is been evaluated mainly depicts the seriousness of the completeness assertion present in the records of the company. Quadackers, Groot and Wright (2014) stated that identification of completeness assertion is relatively difficult for auditors, if the company does not present adequate information. Depicting the additional steps that might be needed to reduce the audit risk of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd: Financial report assertions Audit Procedure Existence assertion Physical examination and confirmation Occurrence assertion Test clerical accuracy Occurrence assertion Test clerical accuracy Occurrence and completeness assertion Test clerical accuracy and reconciliation of confirmed recorded balance at reporting date Table 2: Depicting the audit procedure to reduce the financial assertion (Source: as created by author) Table 2 mainly help in depicting the audit procedure, which might be used by auditors of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd for reducing the overall financial assertion. In addition, with the help of available depicted audit procedure the audit risk could be effectively decreased and in turn increase viability of its financial report. Bentley, Omer and Sharp (2013) mentioned that audit procedure and steps mainly help in reducing the material risk, which might be included in the balance sheet of the company. Physical examination and confirmation: In addition, the existence assertion that is hindering the operations of the company might be reduced by using audit procedure. The use of physical examination and confirmation might mainly help the auditor to evaluate the actual stock the is current being used by the company. Carey, Knechel and Tanewski (2013) mentioned that physical examination mainly helps the auditors to reduce the material misstatement and in turn reduce the overall audit risk. Test clerical accuracy: In addition, to reduce the overall occurrence assertion the auditor could effectively test eh clerical accuracy by checking the entries after being conducted by the accountant. In addition, the test might be conducted on surprise visits after the accountant in the software has conducted the calculation and entries. Barrington and Ho (2014) cited that auditors with the help of testing accuracy mainly help in depicting the ethical conduct of the accountant. Reconciliation of confirmed recorded balance at reporting date: The auditor could effectively reduce the completeness assertion by using the reconciliation of confirmed recorded balance at reporting date. The audit procedure might mainly help the auditor to evaluate the misstatements, which are depicted in the statement of the company. Peecher, Solomon and Trotman (2013) argued that auditors with limited access could not effectively use the audit procedures for reducing the material misstatements. Depicting the audit approach that might be taken with the computerised accounting software: Figure 1: epicting the computerised accounting software audit approach (Source: as created by the author) Figure 1 mainly helps in depicting the computerised auditing procedure, which might be depicted for Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd. Moreover, the computerised accounting software might mainly help in reducing the overall assertion, which might be generated from accounting misstatement. Bierstaker, Janvrin and Lowe (2014) stated that companies mainly use computerised accounting system for reducing the overall misstatement in receipt recording. On the other hand, Boritz, Datardina and Boritz (2014) criticises that accounting software without adequate internal control might not fulfil the desired output for reducing the material misstatement. Furthermore, the audit approach might mainly help in reducing any type of assertion that might increase audit risk. Depicting and justifying two CAATs that might be used in the audit: Generalized Audit Software (GAS): The overall generalized audit software are mainly used by auditors to examine the entire computer files, which bras the recorded transactions of the company. This system is effectively used in depicting the substantive testing of transactions entered in the accounting software. In addition, GAS computer programming mainly helps the auditors in identifying the errors in reducing, which might be conducted during data input. Gambetta, Garca and Zorio (2016) mentioned that auditors with the help of auditing software are able to reduce excess burden during the auditing period. Test data: In addition, the test data software mainly helps in evaluating the accounting system, which is being used by the company. Moreover, any kind of internal control measures, which is being inputted in the accounting system, could be effectively depicted from this software. Smidt et al. (2014) mentioned that auditors with the help of test data are able to identify the weakness in internal control in using the accounting software. Conclusion: The study mainly helps in depicting the overall weakness of internal control system, which has encircled the operations of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd. In addition, the main financial assertion that is hindering the operations of Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd is existence, occurrence and completeness assertion. This assertion could effectively be reduced by implementing certain audit procedures. Furthermore, the novice effectively depicted the audit procedures, which might be used by Nirvana Produce Pty Ltd for reducing the overall audit risk. In addition, the uses of generalized audit software (GAS) and test data might help in reducing the audit risk and improving the overall authenticity of the reported data. Reference: Abbott, L.J., Daugherty, B., Parker, S. and Peters, G.F., 2016. Internal audit quality and financial reporting quality: The joint importance of independence and competence.Journal of Accounting Research,54(1), pp.3-40. Auasb.gov.au. (2016).Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AUASB) - Home. Available from: https://www.auasb.gov.au/ [Accessed on 21 Sep. 2016]. Barrington, D.J. and Ho, G., 2014. Towards zero liquid discharge: the use of water auditing to identify water conservation measures.Journal of Cleaner Production,66, pp.571-576. Bentley, K.A., Omer, T.C. and Sharp, N.Y., 2013. Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), pp.780-817. Bierstaker, J., Janvrin, D. and Lowe, D.J., 2014. What factors influence auditors' use of computer-assisted audit techniques?.Advances in Accounting,30(1), pp.67-74. Boritz, J.E., Datardina, M. and Boritz, J.E., 2014. CAATs in the Classroom: Data Analytics for Accounting and Finance Professionals. Carey, P., Knechel, W.R. and Tanewski, G., 2013. Costs and Benefits of Mandatory Auditing of Forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ profit Private and Notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ profit Companies in Australia.Australian Accounting Review,23(1), pp.43-53. Cohen, J.R., Hoitash, U., Krishnamoorthy, G. and Wright, A.M., 2013. The effect of audit committee industry expertise on monitoring the financial reporting process.The Accounting Review,89(1), pp.243-273. Edwards, N., Hooper, P., Trapp, G.S., Bull, F., Boruff, B. and Giles-Corti, B., 2013. Development of a public open space desktop auditing tool (POSDAT): a remote sensing approach.Applied Geography,38, pp.22-30. Gambetta, N., Garca-Benau, M.A. and Zorio-Grima, A., 2016. Data analytics in banks' audit: The case of loan loss provisions in Uruguay.Journal of Business Research. Ghosh, A.A. and Tang, C.Y., 2015. Assessing financial reporting quality of family firms: The auditorsÃâ€" ³ perspective.Journal of Accounting and Economics,60(1), pp.95-116. Griffith, E.E., Hammersley, J.S. and Kadous, K., 2015. Audits of complex estimates as verification of management numbers: How institutional pressures shape practice.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(3), pp.833-863. Hui, S., Ng, J., Santiano, N., Schmidt, H.M., Caldwell, J., Ryan, E. and Maley, M., 2014. Improving hand hygiene compliance: harnessing the effect of advertised auditing.Healthcare Infection,19(3), pp.108-113. Kinney Jr, W.R., Martin, R.D. and Shepardson, M.L., 2013. Reflections on a decade of SOX 404 (b) audit production and alternatives.Accounting Horizons,27(4), pp.799-813. Legge, K., Lehmann, J., Vial, P., Miri, N. and Greer, P., 2016. SU-D-201-06: Remote Dosmetric Auditing of VMAT Deliveries for Clinical Trials Using EPID.Medical Physics,43(6), pp.3335-3335. Lye, J., Dunn, L., Kenny, J., Lehmann, J., Kron, T., Oliver, C., Butler, D., Alves, A., Johnston, P., Franich, R. and Williams, I., 2014. Remote auditing of radiotherapy facilities using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters.Medical physics,41(3), p.032102. Mygind, L., Bentsen, P., Badland, H., Edwards, N., Hooper, P. and Villanueva, K., 2016. Public open space desktop auditing toolEstablishing appropriateness for use in Australian regional and urban settings.Urban Forestry Urban Greening,20, pp.65-70. Peecher, M.E., Solomon, I. and Trotman, K.T., 2013. An accountability framework for financial statement auditors and related research questions.Accounting, Organizations and Society,38(8), pp.596-620. Quadackers, L., Groot, T. and Wright, A., 2014. Auditors professional skepticism: Neutrality versus presumptive doubt.Contemporary Accounting Research,31(3), pp.639-657. Singh, H., Woodliff, D., Sultana, N. and Newby, R., 2014. Additional evidence on the relationship between an internal audit function and external audit fees in Australia.International Journal of Auditing,18(1), pp.27-39. Smidt, L., van der Nest, D.P. and Lubbe, D., 2014, June. The use of sampling and CAATs within internal audit functions in the South African banking industry. In2014 9th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI)(pp. 1-5). IEEE. van Buuren, J., Koch, C., van Nieuw Amerongen, N. and Wright, A.M., 2014. The use of business risk audit perspectives by non-big 4 audit firms.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(3), pp.105-128. Yu, Y., Au, M.H., Mu, Y., Tang, S., Ren, J., Susilo, W. and Dong, L., 2015. Enhanced privacy of a remote data integrity-checking protocol for secure cloud storage.International Journal of Information Security,14(4), pp.307-318.. Yu, Y., Ni, J., Au, M.H., Mu, Y., Wang, B. and Li, H., 2015. Comments on a public auditing mechanism for shared cloud data service.IEEE Transactions on Services Computing,8(6), pp.998-999.

Public Policy Problems

Dye (2010 p.4) explains policy analysis as the process of getting to know the activities of governments, why they have to undertake such events, and the difference they realize from the activities. Policy analysis is primarily concerned with an explanation as opposed to the prescription of policy matters.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public Policy Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It involves a rigorous investigation into the causes of public policies and the associated consequences. Generally, policy analysis includes an effort to come up with and test propositions about events and activities that lead to public policy and the consequences thereof, to collect enough and reliable findings from a research activity of significant relevance (Dye, 2010, p.5). According to Jans (2007) public policy is concerned with the public and the problems it faces, that is, how the issues and problems are desc ribed and constructed, how they fit in the policy and political agenda, how options in policymaking emerge, why governments act or fail to work and the effects of the system. Through policy analysis, it becomes possible to describe, using factual information, what a given government is doing, and what it is not doing. Policy analysis also sets the platform for an inquiry into determinants and causes of particular public policy issues. From the established causes and determinants, the consequences and impacts of public policy can be inquired, including evaluation of the system in a clear and precise way (Dye, 2010, p.6). Policy analysis reveals time and context as the significant determinants of the government agenda; for instance, similar agenda items are likely to be prioritized in states whose welfare levels are identical. Moreover, issues are determined by economic cycles, for example, flexibility in labor terms and increase in efficiency alleviates public crises while the improv ed quality of life and enhanced worker welfare leads to overall growth in the economy (Jans, 2007). Generally, issues that conform to the policy paradigm that is, the leading policy ideas determine the policy that is adopted by the government at a given time. Policy analysis culminates in the understanding of public policy. It is both an art and a craft. As an art, it requires creativity, imagination, and insight in identification and description of problems in the society, in coming up with public policies to alleviate the issues, and in determining whether the systems improve the state of things or not. As a craft, policy analysis requires a broad knowledge base in economics, public administration, political science, psychology, sociology, statistics, engineering, law, natural sciences, and others. Policy analysis is, in fact, an applied subfield that encompasses all the above traditional academic disciplines (Dye, 2010, p.8).Advertising Looking for research paper on governme nt? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For the policymakers to perfect their craft to come up with policies that will improve the society, they need to bring together technocrats from the various fields to work together in the process of policy formulation and implementation. Policymakers from different areas will view the public problems from multiple dimensions hence solve the issues more comprehensively. Participation of technocrats from multiple areas of specialization, therefore, is an effective way of ensuring the craft of policymaking is perfected. Moreover, the policymaking process should be reviewed and scrutinized through public participation and incremental development. Policy analysis has limitations that include subjectivity in interpretation, the possibility of disagreeing over policy problems, defects in the design of human research and the fact that government power on policy is limited and human behavior is complicate d. References Dye, T.R. (2010). Understanding Public Policy (13th Ed.). Longman: Pearson Prentice Hall. Jans, M. T. (2007). A framework for public policy analysis and policy evaluation. Brussels: Vrije University This research paper on Public Policy Problems was written and submitted by user Mathew E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Public Policy Problems Introduction Public policy is a system of laws and regulations that define the state objectives relating to various aspects (CQ Press, 2011). Additionally, public policy issues require high attention and collaborative engagement for both members of the public and state. The government, through the ministry of finance, has a broad responsibility towards ensuring that there is adequate funding to all sectors of the economy.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Public Policy Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The budget should be set such that the most urgent needs of the society are given priority. Issues such as health care, education, and training should be prioritized. Over the years, Mississippi and some parts of the United State have not been experiencing public policy problems. This discussion will focus on public policy problems in Mississippi. This is because Mississippi State is ranked as the poores t state in the United States (Conforti, 1994). The focus will be on some of those public policy problems in Mississippi. Health care issues The evaluation of health care system in Mississippi by Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) revealed that there are some aspects that needed to be prioritised. Priority was given to activities such as disease prevention, healthcare protection, and health promotion. Other policy aspects include health care for a certain population, implementation of a state-wide trauma system, and health care for people with mental illness. The government should not forget to address critical issues such as the enhancement of detection and response to the public health emergencies like the bio-terrorism (Conforti, 1994). The state should improve the economic situation of its people by allocating adequate funds to health care system to address the problems. The U.S. government should further ensure that trauma victims receive adequate attention from the experts. T his can be achieved by allocating sufficient funding to cater for training expenses (Cochran, 2012). Additionally, the federal government should provide Mississippi health care system with modern technological system to provide services to patients. Education and training issues Over the recent years, Mississippi has been experiencing serious problems in the education sector. The problems are due to unequal funding to schools. The public school funding comes from federal state and the local resources. In addition, the problems have escalated since almost half of the funding comes from local property taxes. The system generates large funding disparities between the rich and the poor states (Conforti, 1994). This means that a student schooling in New Jersey is provided more than twice the student schooling in Mississippi. The large disparity in funding translates to poor learning facilities and the inability to hire highly trained teachers. Therefore, this leads to poor performances b y students in underfunded public schools. Poor performances deny students an opportunity to enhance their education. This leads to the unemployment problem and escalated poverty (American Legion, 1937).Advertising Looking for coursework on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguments that support public policy problems have not been addressed Unequal distribution of resources in Mississippi and other parts of the U.S. is a growing matter of concern. For example, according to Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), there are some unmet needs in the health sector that should be addressed (Conforti, 1994). Also, there are high disparities in income and education standards between the rich and poor states. Therefore, adequate policy framework should be adopted to address the issues before they become critical (Peters, 2004). Conclusion The U. S. government should prioritise the allocation of funds on its budget t o the most urgent sectors of the economy. From the above discussion, the U.S. government should promote the economic development of Mississippi by allocating sufficient funds to various sectors. This will ensure that the economy of Mississippi will grow, and the perceived inequality on resource distribution will be addressed comprehensively. References American Legion (1937). The American Legion magazine. Washington, D.C.: American Legion Magazine. Cochran, C.E. (2012). American public policy: An introduction. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Conforti, M. (1994). Minnesota 1900: Art and life on the upper Mississippi, 1890-1915. Newark: University of Delaware Press. CQ Press (2011). Issues for debate in American public policy: Selections from CQ Researcher. Washington, D.C: CQ Press, a division of SAGE. Peters, B.G. (2004). American public policy: Promise and performance. Washington, D.C: CQ Press.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Public Policy Probl ems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This coursework on Public Policy Problems was written and submitted by user Eli W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Things Fall Apart and White Men Church Essays

Things Fall Apart and White Men Church Essays Things Fall Apart and White Men Church Essay Things Fall Apart and White Men Church Essay Essay Topic: Things Fall apart Things Fall Apart and White Men Church BY sauced0711 Things Fall Apart In the Book Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, the main character Okonkwo has to struggle with a struggling society especially when the white people come and try to industrialize and try to spread Christianity to the people of the clan. But the society also believed a lot in manliness and side swiped their main goal, an interviewer once was told by Achebe, That particular society has believed too much in manliness. Perhaps this is part of the reason it crashed. I believe this statement is particularly true because Okonkwo left a lot of things unsolved for, because he wanted to seem more like a man and not like his father. One example of them believing too much in their manliness was when his son decided to Join the white men church and leave the clan. What he did was Just say that he had other sons and that he was going to raise them well and have them be of high rank. On page 172 the author writes, The the tragedy of his first son had occurred. At first it appeared as if it might prove too great of his spirit. But it was a resilient spirit, and in the end Okonkwo overcame his sorrow. He had five other sons and he would bring them up the way of the clan. This shows that Okonkwo was willing to put his manliness first in his priorities then trying to get his son back with him. If he would of set his manliness aside and went to get his son back then things would of changed because the church would have had one less member, and a society is only as string as its members. Also if he would have gone to get his son then he would have not gone through the rieving process he went through. Another example of him making his manliness his first priority was when he was talking about how Nwoye was not manly enough and how he would need to change that. On page 66 the author writes, Nwoye is old enough to impregnate a women. At his age I was already fending for myself. No, my friend, he is not too young. A chick that will grow into a cock can be spotted that very day it hatches. I have done my best to make Nwoye grow into a man In this statement Okonkwo is saying that it hurts im that his oldest son is not manly enough and that there is nothing much that he can do to help with that. Is Okonkwo would of stopped worrying about his sons manliness and worried about the clan and how it was being over taken by the white men, then the clan might of stood a chance since they were being proactive and fought against the white men putting a church in the evil forest. Also because Okonkwo was too worried about his sons manliness and how he did not want him to end up like his father then he was totally oblivious to what was going to happen to is lan. The last example of them worrying too much of their manliness was when Okonkwo killed Ikemefuna. By killing Ikemefuna Okonkwos whole life changed and all of the bad things started to happen to him and his clan. On page 61 the author writes as the man who had cleared his throat drew up and raised his machete. Okonkwo looked away. He heard the blow. The pot fell and broke on the sand Okonkwo drew his machete and cut him down. He was afraid of being thought weak. Here the author shows how Okonkwo was willing to kill someone he loved as his son In order to not 100K weak In Tront 0T nls clan memoers. Hurtnermore, IT IKemeTuna would of lived then Nowoye would of not Joined the church and would of set his priority to becoming manly and making his father proud. Because this did not happen it shows how the clan members are cruel and how they didnt care about how other people feel but when it came to the white men they were completely cowards and didnt care if the white men thought they were manly or not. In conclusion the down fall of the clan was brought by them due to them worrying bout their manliness and not wanting to do anything about the white men and their Christianity.

Art Essay Example for Free (#3)

Art Essay * Art is a term that describes a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities, but here refers to the visual arts, which cover the creation of images or objects in fields including paintings, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. They are two paintings that have been drawn by Dmitry Levitzky in 1773 and by Millais in 1871. The first portrait by Dmitry levitzky is called Nelidova, Ekaterina Ivanovna who she is the daughter of Lieutenant Ivan Dmitrievich Nelidov. She was raised in the Smolny Institute for Young Ladies and was noticed there by Empress Catherine II, who made her a maid of honor to the Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, later Empress, whose husband Emperor Pavel I. She was sincerely attached to him, although their relations were never intimate. She was able to influence Pavel I, preventing some of his unwise decisions and tantrums. She was also a close friend of the Empress Maria Feodorovna. The second portrait by John Everett Millais is called The Martyr of Solway the â€Å"Margaret† depicted by Millais was Margaret Wilson, who was born in 1667 in Glenvernoch in Wigtownshire. She was a young and devout Presbyterian who was a member of the Covenanters, a Scottish Presbyterian movement of the 17th century in Scotland who signed the National Covenant in 1638 to confirm their opposition to the interference by the Stuart kings in the affairs of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Stuart kings embraced the belief of the Divine Right of the Monarch. However, not only did they believe that God wished them to be the infallible rulers of their kingdom – they also believed that they were the spiritual heads of the Church of Scotland. This latter belief was anathema to the Scots. Their belief was quite simple – no man, not even a king, could be spiritual head of their church. The following piece will demonstrate the differences and similarities between the two images in a compare and a contrast manner. Analyze the fundamental differences. Point out the major mutual points. Art. (2017, Feb 05).

Fetal Heart Monitoring during labor Research Paper

Fetal Heart Monitoring during labor - Research Paper Example Similarly, the paper will discuss the aspects of intermittent fetal heart monitoring and the negative and positive aspects that are included. Additionally, the paper will describe the interview performed on doctors working in Labor and Delivery at the local hospital; their views and opinions will be noted. Last will be a determination of potential problems that could arise without the use of fetal monitoring and provide evidence of the possibility of them occurring. The fetal heart monitoring is the standard method and the most preferred technique to determine the heart rate of the fetus during labor. Determination of the fetal heart rate is vital because it enables the prevention of the fetal distress and fetal death as well as prevention of fetal seizures. Although this procedure is vital for the health of the mother and of the fetus, doctors’ delay in acting when fetal distress detection is shown on the electronic monitor can lead to death of the mother and fetus (Elimian, Lawlor, Figueroa, Wiencek, Garry, & Quirk, 2003). The continuous use of the fetal monitoring electronically has shown a positive impact on the fetal development. The process further reduces the chances of incidences like the fetal failure and eventually fetal death. The continuous fetal heart monitoring is famous in the United States but it has fewer benefits for the pregnant woman or the fetus. Continuous fetal heart monitoring (CEFM) has a negative effect on the labor process in pregnant women. This process can also affect the satisfaction of the maternal delivery by decreasing the maternal mobility, physical contact of the pregnant mother with the partner, and the time period with the nurse or the doctor in comparison to the intermittent auscultation procedure (Bailey, 2009). The intermittent auscultation procedure is known to increase the rate of medical risks. This is chiefly because of the

Estate Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Estate Planning - Research Paper Example Without a comprehensive estate plan, a significant part of the work you've done throughout your life, both at your job and with your investments, can be lost or given to unintended beneficiaries" (InvestorGuide.com). Estate planning is also important for recipients of social security benefits as "receiving an inheritance may alter his/her social security entitlement. This is particularly prevalent when one member of a couple dies as the survivor is then treated as a single person with lower thresholds under income and assets tests. This means that the levels of assets and income at which the pension starts to reduce and ultimately ceases are reduced which may result in a lower pension or even a complete loss of pension for the beneficiary" (Social security estate planning implications ). Now there are more than one way of planning your estate, especially what to expect after death. The most popular of which is the last will and testament. However, recent developments in finance provides estate planners a better way of handling their estate, that which entails lesser cost, direct or indirect to the heirs: trusts and superannuation. In this particular paper, we will show the many ways in which trust and superannuation supersedes the benefits of the estate planner and their heirs; both through current literatures and through analysis. "A trust is an arrangement under which one person, called a trustee, holds legal title to property for another person, called a beneficiary. You can be the trustee of your own living trust, keeping full control over all property held in trust. A 'living trust' (also called an "inter vivos" trust) is simply a trust you create while you're alive, rather than one that is created at your death" (Nolo). One good thing about living trust is it helps one evade probate, helps reduce taxes and also sets up a long-term property management (Nolo). Trust Versus Will "The Trust owns the legal title to the property in it while you are still alive, and since a Trust does not end at your death, it will still own the property when you die. You put instructions in the Trust for how the Trustee, or person controlling the Trust, should distribute the Trust property, and the Trustee will carry out those directions" (FreeAdvice.com). One important feature about the trust is it can be distributed without necessarily going through the probate process - a "legal process which inherited property goes through in order to transfer the title of the property from the decedent to the beneficiary" (FreeAdvice.com). The main reasons why trusts are advantageous especially for the high net worth individual is it is far less expensive to administer (FreeAdvice.com). On the other hand, "a will is a document that transfers property to others after your death. Because you still own the property at the time you die, all the property transferred in the Will must go through the probate process, which is often slow and costly" (FreeAdvice.com). Below is a summary of the advantages of a trust over a will: Avoid probate - Unlike

The Best Lesson My Dad Taught Me Essay Example for Free

The Best Lesson My Dad Taught Me Essay The best lesson my dad taught me was†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. To always be honest. I’m glad he taught me this because at home if I do something wrong and he knows I’m lying and I tell the truth, I get in less trouble instead of getting things taken away. He tells me the odds are in my favor if I listen. I agree with him because I wouldn’t want my kids to lie to me. You always get in less trouble if you don’t lie. I only lived for about 13 years but every single second I learned more and more. It always ends up embarrassing after telling a lie and someone has found out. We all must admit it, weve ALL lied. Nobody likes a liar. My dad will say are you sure with your answer and if I say no I tell him the truth and he says don’t do it again. If your gonna lie to your friends its just stupid because eventually they will find and you will lose them. Before I ever answer some thing I ask myself, â€Å"is it worth lying about it. † Then I just follow my conscience. I don’t always make the right choice, but I learn from my mistakes. My dad is 40 years old and he told me had made more mistakes in a year than I do in 13. Just tell the truth because if you’re my kid that is the easiet part of life. I love him to death and wouldn’t trade him for the world!

Computer Technology Shapes the Future of Education :: Teaching Education Essays

Computer Technology Shapes the Future of Education The accessibility of computer education is stratified between the classes. The higher socio-economic schools, homes, and businesses are able to receive computer education and have daily contact with computers. However, in the lower socio-economic areas the computer usage is very low. To break down the divide many school districts and corporations have begun computer education programs, in lower-socio-economic areas. These advancements can assist the students to reach higher levels of education, which can lead to higher level careers. The advancements of computer use in the education field illustrate the benefits of computers on student’s lives. The requirement of technological knowledge has been raised. The ideal way to educate children on computers is to include computers in their everyday activities. Many schools need extra support from the community to achieve such a high standard. Also, many schools in lower socio-economic areas have experienced a difficulty in merely getting the children to school on time or at all. The lower attendance issues can stem from unreliable transportation to the parent keeping the student home to help with the household (Milone/Salpeter, 46). Therefore with assistance from companies and the community, schools are able to propel the students into school more regularly and to learn more with and about computer technology. Many corporations have assisted in the advancement of the equipment to all students by giving schools computers or payment plans to purchase them. In the fall of 1996, â€Å"Microsoft and Toshiba gave 8,000 students from kindergarten to 12th grade a Toshiba Pentium notebook loaded with Microsoft Office and full modem connectivity (Levin 30).† The computers boosted the school’s attendance to almost one hundred percent. In comparison most of the schools that benefited from this program exhibited a 50% daily attendance average, among the lower socio-economic students (30). Microsoft and Toshiba are not only donating computers, but they have also instated a special lease program for schools. Their plan is modeled after a similar successful program in Australia, and primarily sets it up so that each child pays $35 a month for three years and after that time, they can purchase their computer for one dollar (Levin 30). This program has been very successful because all children in the classroom have access to these computer notebooks. Computer Technology Shapes the Future of Education :: Teaching Education Essays Computer Technology Shapes the Future of Education The accessibility of computer education is stratified between the classes. The higher socio-economic schools, homes, and businesses are able to receive computer education and have daily contact with computers. However, in the lower socio-economic areas the computer usage is very low. To break down the divide many school districts and corporations have begun computer education programs, in lower-socio-economic areas. These advancements can assist the students to reach higher levels of education, which can lead to higher level careers. The advancements of computer use in the education field illustrate the benefits of computers on student’s lives. The requirement of technological knowledge has been raised. The ideal way to educate children on computers is to include computers in their everyday activities. Many schools need extra support from the community to achieve such a high standard. Also, many schools in lower socio-economic areas have experienced a difficulty in merely getting the children to school on time or at all. The lower attendance issues can stem from unreliable transportation to the parent keeping the student home to help with the household (Milone/Salpeter, 46). Therefore with assistance from companies and the community, schools are able to propel the students into school more regularly and to learn more with and about computer technology. Many corporations have assisted in the advancement of the equipment to all students by giving schools computers or payment plans to purchase them. In the fall of 1996, â€Å"Microsoft and Toshiba gave 8,000 students from kindergarten to 12th grade a Toshiba Pentium notebook loaded with Microsoft Office and full modem connectivity (Levin 30).† The computers boosted the school’s attendance to almost one hundred percent. In comparison most of the schools that benefited from this program exhibited a 50% daily attendance average, among the lower socio-economic students (30). Microsoft and Toshiba are not only donating computers, but they have also instated a special lease program for schools. Their plan is modeled after a similar successful program in Australia, and primarily sets it up so that each child pays $35 a month for three years and after that time, they can purchase their computer for one dollar (Levin 30). This program has been very successful because all children in the classroom have access to these computer notebooks.

Internet is the major driving force behind this growth

The UK tourism industry is the fifth largest industry and is worth 85 billion pounds and employs 2.1million people which as about 7.7% of the total workforce. (Visit Britain, press release, 11/Jan/2007)Internet is the major driving force behind this growth, which has seen the development of latest technologies that encourage browsing on personal computers.These days, people can get tourism information easily anywhere in the world if they have access to a computer. Internet usage and popularity has continued to grow at an unprecedented rate ever since its invention. Today according to Internet world state (data), 1.1 billion people are connecting to it.The Internet has generated new communication space, which is called cyberspace (Cyberspace 2 data). People can be in and out ‘virtually’ at any time in this space where a community of users is formed.Recently the Internet has become an essential factor in the cyber market and in people’s life. Because of this the tou rism industry needs to invest much of its resources towards establishing a comprehensive Internet marketing system.There are many travel agencies, hotels and airline companies opening their own web homepages and offering tourism information and related services for tourists. This makes it almost impossible today to operate without the Internet, because many organizations are selling their products on-line and covers all aspects of life service.Since the advent of Internet, electronic commerce or E-commerce as popularly known has become an important factor for revenue generation for organizations. According to the Market Report of 2005, the amount of UK e-commerce consumption is expanding annually. (Figure 1)Figure 1: The estimated total UK online market for leisure and entertainment by value (ï ¿ ¡m), 2001-2005Moreover, Internet electronic commerce revenue is predicted to increase by 177.4% between 2005 and 2009 to ï ¿ ¡236.9bn. As seen in the above chart, e-commerce in hotels has continued to increase over the time. (Keynote Ltd, 2005)However, there would not be enough levels of revenue from hotel products over the Internet, because of unfamiliarity on the Internet. Over the last few years it has had a big impact on modern life, so people would not hesitate to pay for these products online using the electronic facilities available.The Hotel on the Internet uses sophisticated technology in its business relationship-marketing program that helps to generate business-marketing leads and maintain long-term customer relationships.Hotels need to use effective reservation services for easy gathering of customer information, enhancing various services like media advertising, internal marketing programs and customer feedback platforms. Therefore, the marketer and the manager of the hotel need to pursue a systematic and organized management process for their web homepage by regularly updating their website.These study is a research on a hotel organization to see how t hey utilized their homepage in relations to their own Internet marketing and the most important factors to pay attention to. It also checks out the general performance using the Internet system. Finally, the research will suggest recommendations for future hotel Internet marketing.References[KM CHO1]1. Visit Britain, press release, www.visitbritain.com.presscentre 11/Jan/20072. World state1) http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm 03/01/20083. (Cyberspace 2) http://www.atis.org/tg2k/_cyberspace.html 03/01/20084. E-commerce: The internet leisure & entertainment market, Fourth edition, p11, June 2006, Key note Ltd, Middlesex5. Internet usage in business, Eighth edition, p72, July 2005, Key note Ltd, Middlesex6. Secondary research – information sources and methods, Stewart, David W, p1, p2, 1993, SAGE Publications, LondonKjell Erik Rudestam, Ph.D. and Rae Newton, Ph D: Surviving Your Dissertation: A Comprehensive Guide to Content and Process. February 2006, p,10-77[KM CHO1]R eview the reference presentation by going to the research centre for â€Å"Reference guidelines†

Lord of The Rings/Kite Runner Compare and Contrast Essay Essay

What objects do you associate innocence with? Marriage, virginity, a childhood toy? When we think of dominance we think of war; we think of negativity. When the phrase ‘parental influence’ comes to mind, we go to our mothers tucking us into bed and watching the game with our fathers—at least that is what us lucky ones think of. Not everyone is lucky enough to have that innocence stored forever, violent free lives, and a mother and father by our side. The Kite Runner and Lord of the Flies have many similarities, particularly when comparing themes such as loss of innocence, power and dominance, and paternal influences and the ways in which they are depicted through symbolism and irony. From the beginning of The Kite Runner Hoseinni showed innocence through Amir’s passion and longing for kites, but not any kite; Amir longed for the winning kite in the annual kite flying tournament. Kites were constantly present during Amir’s childhood. They were his goodness and his purity; the goodness and purity of Afghanistan at that time. Amir’s innocence was stolen by him when he was twelve-years-old by the neighborhood bully, Assef. Amir longed for the winning kite, but at the expense of his friend, Hassan: â€Å"But there were two things amid the garbage that I couldn’t stop looking at: One was the blue kite resting against the wall,† (75). Amir witnessed the rape of Hassan, and after he took his trophy kite home and hung it up on the wall it mocked him, reminding him of his cowardice, and the purity and the innocence that were taken from him. When Amir returned to Kabul as an adult there were no kites. Afghanistan had been run over by the Taliban and everything had been destroyed, just like the innocence that was taken by Amir and the goodness and that was stolen from him. In The Kite Runner, Amir wanted the winning kite. After witnessing the rape of Hassan—witnessing his beloved friend sacrifice himself for the first place kite and seeing Kabul in ruin with the kites gone and the tournaments ended, he craves the innocence and goodness of his past. In Lord of the Flies, Golding used symbols very similarly to Hoseinni’s use of the kite as a symbol of innocence. Instead of an object or toy, Golding used Simon to show purity. Simon, the quiet and kind hearted boy, was murdered savagely by his peers. Simon had been the good and the innocent on the island; unlike the other boys he knew that the evil was inside of the others, though he himself had been too good for the evil. Simon was taken away from the boys but not by outsiders, like the Taliban; the boys themselves took Simon away, unlike The Kite Runner where Assef and the Taliban took the innocence away from Amir. â€Å"There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws† (153). The boys turned into savages and took Simon away from themselves. Unlike The Kite Runner, Simon and innocence were not wanted and were easily thrown away. As goodness was being murdered, the boys turned into monsters. Not once did they think of what was being depleted. Another theme shared by the two novels is the idea of power and dominance. In The Kite Runner, Hoseinni showed this through the bully Assef, who later became a Taliban official. Not only did Hoseinni use Assef and the Taliban as symbols of power, but he enforced them through irony. One example of dramatic irony in The Kite Runner took place when Baba was talking to Amir as a child. Baba said to him, â€Å"’God help us all if Afghanistan ever falls into their hands! ’† (17). Baba was referring to the Taliban and how he hoped they would never come into power, though consequently, the Taliban later dominate Afghanistan. Baba pleads to God for help if the Taliban run over, he pleads to a God that he doesn’t necessarily believe in, and ironically, the Taliban justify all of their actions with the word of God. Likewise, Golding used Jack and his hunters to illustrate power and dominance in Lord of the Flies. In order to assert their dominance Jack and his hunters murdered the pig in an ostentatious manner thinking that being flashy and strong will bring respect. Not only did Jack allege his power through conspicuous hunting acts, but he also imposed power with his violent mannerisms towards Ralph, Piggy, and the others. Jack is not the only power figure in this story. In turn, the British official that appeared to rescue the boys has a stature of power along with the British army. Golding expressed his love of irony with the British soldier on the island as well. The boys had been creating their own war on the island, and they were, in a way, mimicking the war that had been happening on a world-wide scale. Golding did not stop here, as the British soldier then observed the boys savagery, he reprimanded them for not being more proper and British. â€Å"’I should have thought that a pack of British boys—you’re all British, aren’t you? —would have been able to put up a better show than that—‘† (202). How ironic, that despite the soldier’s talk of being proper and â€Å"English,† he too was being a savage. He too, was in the middle of a war. Not only do The Kite Runner and Lord of the Flies share themes of innocence and power, but they both partake in the lack of positive parental influence. In The Kite Runner, Amir envied the father-son relationship that Hassan and his believed-to-be-father, Ali, shared. Like his stolen innocence, Amir yearned for his father’s approval, for these were the things he could not have. â€Å"He’d close the door, leave me to wonder why it was always grown-ups’ time with him† (5). Here, Hoseinni clearly illustrates that as growing up, and even as an adult, Amir never received the love and the affection that he so craved from his father. At every turn he would find a closed door; Baba would see Amir as a calamity. The one person who gave Amir positive parental influence was his father’s friend and business partner, Rahim Kahn. Amir did not take this influence to heart; his longing for approval from Baba and a mother he did not have created a hole that Rahim Kahn could not fill. With a deceased mother and apathetic father, Amir had a deep hunger for a father figure to such a degree that the lack of a parental influence caused self destruction and mental instability. In contrast to The Kite Runner, the boys in Lord of the Flies did not care for paternal influences as Amir did. In fact, they rejoiced because there were no adults on the island to keep them in check; â€Å"’Aren’t there any grownups at all? ’ ‘I don’t think so. ’ The fair boy said this solemnly; but then delight of a realized ambition overcame him’† (8). From the start, Amir wanted the parental influences that he grew up without; the boys on the island were more than happy to be rid of them. The consequences of the lack of parental influence did not make an appearance right away, but contrary to what the boys believed, not having a parental figure did have its repercussions. One can take Roger, in consideration. At first he could not bring himself to throw stones at the smaller, younger boys. The memories of civilization and punishments still had their hold on him, but as the story progresses, Roger finds himself becoming less and less humane; much like Assef, in The Kite Runner, who as a child, subconsciously knew he could be punished for his bullying, but as he grew older and as the influence of his parents lessened, he was able to use his wrath however he pleased. The lack of parental influence in Lord of the Flies through the immature, adolescent behavior of the boys and lack of adults residing on the island leads to destruction and chaos, similar in ways to that of Amir’s, but far more externally dramatic. Indeed, Golding and Hoseinni share many tastes when it comes to writing, and that becomes quite apparent when one looks at the themes of the two novels. Through the loss of innocence, power and dominance, and the lack of those positive parental influences Golding and Hoseinni manage to paint the picture of a life different than the life of the average American youth. Amir kept his innocence in a kite. In his homeland. The boys on the island never knew that their innocence lay within one small boy. They didn’t have a father to look up to, a mother to run to, and neither did Amir. Now, innocence is mocked. Parental figures are pushed away, but most don’t know what it is like to lose that innocence. To not have a mother or father there in times of need. Where is your innocence stored? Where do you find the comfort and protection that are craved through a mother’s love and a father’s adoring pride?

Free Essays on Adult Learning

Lifelong learning is already a reality for many adults. Some engage in learning to keep up with the rapid societal changes, others to improve their knowledge and skills. However, we know from work carried out in different places that a substantial number of adults do not participate in lifelong learning. Some face barriers to access that arise for a range of reasons, including financial constraints and changing human resource development practices in firms. But for many adults, barriers to participation arise because the available learning opportunities are poorly adapted to their learning needs or the situations in which they find themselves. If lifelong learning is to be a reality for those adults that are now excluded, there is need for more than simply a policy commitment to serve all: we need more policy and program know-how. In April 1998, the U.S. Department of Education, held an international conference on How Adults Learn. The purpose was to further the understanding of how programs and policies could be better adapted to the learning needs of adults who, so far, have been underrepresented in lifelong learning. In our search for sound answers we sought out the views and experience of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers from different parts of the world. The results are a rich set of lessons, some provocative questions, and suggestions for new areas of inquiry. I appreciate the willingness of the U.S. Department of Education to publish these results to make them more widely accessible. It is my hope that the publications will continue to work in this area and nourish a constructive debate that will lead to expanded opportunities for adult lifelong learning Lifelong learning is a reality for adults for a variety of reasons. Some engage in learning to keep up with rapid societal changes, others to improve their knowledge and skills. As adults continue to live longer, and as full participation in society depends increa... Free Essays on Adult Learning Free Essays on Adult Learning Lifelong learning is already a reality for many adults. Some engage in learning to keep up with the rapid societal changes, others to improve their knowledge and skills. However, we know from work carried out in different places that a substantial number of adults do not participate in lifelong learning. Some face barriers to access that arise for a range of reasons, including financial constraints and changing human resource development practices in firms. But for many adults, barriers to participation arise because the available learning opportunities are poorly adapted to their learning needs or the situations in which they find themselves. If lifelong learning is to be a reality for those adults that are now excluded, there is need for more than simply a policy commitment to serve all: we need more policy and program know-how. In April 1998, the U.S. Department of Education, held an international conference on How Adults Learn. The purpose was to further the understanding of how programs and policies could be better adapted to the learning needs of adults who, so far, have been underrepresented in lifelong learning. In our search for sound answers we sought out the views and experience of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers from different parts of the world. The results are a rich set of lessons, some provocative questions, and suggestions for new areas of inquiry. I appreciate the willingness of the U.S. Department of Education to publish these results to make them more widely accessible. It is my hope that the publications will continue to work in this area and nourish a constructive debate that will lead to expanded opportunities for adult lifelong learning Lifelong learning is a reality for adults for a variety of reasons. Some engage in learning to keep up with rapid societal changes, others to improve their knowledge and skills. As adults continue to live longer, and as full participation in society depends increa...

The critical analysis of the biopic film -'The Last Emperor' and it's Essay

The critical analysis of the biopic film -'The Last Emperor' and it's underlying feature - Essay Example As such, rather than detailing a point by point plot summary or analyzing different motifs of film-making, the analysis will instead seek to grapple with the issue of major underlying themes that is presented throughout this biopic film. Accordingly, the focus of the essay will be concentric on the film itself; using the three distinct segments of the film to highlight the underlying sense of an end of an era that is represented within the life experience of the main character; Puyi. Likewise, it is the hope of this student that the following discussion will not only be beneficial towards assisting the reader in understanding the film to a better and more complete degree, it is the further hope of this student that the forthcoming analysis will help to reveal core trends and key understandings concerning the interpretation of modern Chinese/Asian history within the era in question. Within the first segment of the film, an imprisoned Puyi experiences a series of flashbacks that depict a much different time than the one he currently finds himself in. Within these flashbacks, the viewer is taken back to a much simpler period of Chinese history; one in which the order of royal succession provided a baseline of expectation and legitimacy that helped to define all of the Chinese Empire (Geier, 1993). As such, Puyi experiences these flashbacks as he considers a very uncertain fate at the hands of a cold and calculatedly divergent regime; at least as compared to that which is represented within the warm and contended feelings that are represented within the flashbacks. Within these flashbacks, a unique trend is represented; one in which the life of royalty in all of its splendor is represented alongside the realization that the remainder of China at the time depicted was much harsher and worse than can even be imagined. Whereas many film makers would have

Program Improvement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Program Improvement - Research Paper Example Therefore, by improving the program, we would be expecting to have a program that is more useful, of higher quality and easier to implement. As a result, we would be increasing the capability of the program to achieve its key objective and goal of ensuring that all education professionals become effective in research undertaking and management. The ‘training the trainers’ program, as earlier proposed, could either use coordinated multidisciplinary units or adapt integrated, interdisciplinary units. However, the effects of these types of units would be different when applied in the program. In our case, the ones that would best serve the needs of the program are the integrated, interdisciplinary units. According to Swango and Steward (2002), an integrated, interdisciplinary unit incorporates the entire core subjects learners need to learn. In this kind of units, an educator administers to learners concepts tailored towards different disciplines. These kinds of units would revolve around different subjects and, thus, they would be involving different concepts that can be applied by all the learners regardless of their field of expertise. There are various reasons that make integrated, interdisciplinary units to serve the needs of this program better than the other types of units. ... This would make all the learners involved in the program gain equally regardless of their area of specialization. Moreover, we can teach several interdisciplinary concepts within a unit. This saves both time and resources while still achieving the required goals and objectives. Therefore using this kind of units in the program would make the process of implementation much easier. However, integrated, interdisciplinary units also have some disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is that in this kind of units, the concepts taught are unified. This makes it difficult for the learners to distinguish concepts that belong to a specific discipline. Another disadvantage is that in this type of units, learners are taught some concepts that do not fit their area of specialization. Such concepts might not be useful in their professional undertaking hence learning those concepts make no difference in their career. As the program team, we thought that it is better to give people additional inform ation instead of giving them inadequate information. This is why we decided to use this type of units despite knowing these two disadvantages of this type of units. A very good example is a unit designed to teach how to design an educational research. Such kind of unit could include several concepts some of them designing a survey, designing an experiment and designing a psychometric research integrated in one unit. It could also include the moments of how to design a research in different disciplines of education like science education, language education or social sciences education. The unit would integrate different concepts, as well as explain their various applications in different disciplines. As a result, the unit would have a greater capability of

Fairy Tail Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fairy Tail Analysis - Essay Example And yet, according to author Anna Altmann, other women are not given a chance to mature into responsible adults who can handle their problems, and constantly have to rely on a male character for their survival. In fact, there is an argument that, for a very long time, fairy tales have focused much attention on patriarchal domination and female submission to the man (Altmann 23). In this case study of stepmother in â€Å"Snow White† and the witch in the â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† women are drawn as having cruel and wicked attitudes. . In the male dominated world, it is unfortunate that women could not afford the ability to unite and fight their common enemy – man. This domination tarnishes what it is to be a woman and severely limits not only the ability to be perceived as a heroine, but also the ability to have a positive and meaningful place in society. According to Jerome Griswold in his work on â€Å"Beauty and the Beast,† women have an incredibly wick ed character (15). This attribute can be seen in the beginning of his work when he states that, among the three daughters, the youngest happens to be the most beautiful among them all. This fact makes the two sisters develop hatred for their sister just because of her unwarranted supposedly appealing looks. The two sisters end up being devalued due to their looks, and as a result, scheme to destroy their more beautiful sister. Griswold describes these two sisters as egoistic individuals who have no hope of a better future free of grudges (39). Furthermore, despite the good nature of Beauty, it does not change the fact that her sisters hate her. Later on in the plot, the theme of women being evil is brought out more vividly. The two sisters scheme to destroy the well-nurtured relationship between Beauty and the Beast. It is amazing how they make Beauty remain at home longer than the stipulated one week agreed upon by the Beast and Beauty. Griswold notes that the sisters are very disg usted with the thought of supposed marriage between their sister and the Beast (56). The most astounding thing is how blood sisters would go to the extent of being jealous of someone in the same family! A more flamboyant picture of women being evil is created when punishment is administered to the wicked sisters. As the story wraps up, the two sisters are turned into statues and are to remain so until they confess all the harms they have caused to the family. This is in juxtaposition to their younger sister, Beauty, who is composed and forgiving and does not desire material benefits, a remarkable display of maturity that is rewarded with a happy life with her Beast. â€Å"Snow White† is yet another fairy tale that brings out the wicked nature of women in the general public via her relationship with her stepmother. Stone argues that despite the wishes of Snow White’s mother to have a beautiful daughter- with white teeth resembling snow, dark hair like the ebony and red lips, her step mother, the queen, is riddled with envy (57). The evil and wicked nature of the queen clouds her thinking and renders her unable to think of anything but ways to destroy Snow White so the wicked queen can, once again, be the fairest in the land. The conclusion of the story has the stepmother attending Snow White’s wedding to the prince. Here, even the pure Snow White might be perceived as cruel for condemning the wicked queen dance to her death in red hot iron shoes. In conclusion, Maria Tatar

Employment Contract Essay Example for Free

Employment Contract Essay Employment Contract This Employment Agreement is made effective as of June 26th, 2013 and is between Joshua James, Frederick Alan, and Dave Darwin of the Builders Licensing and Training Institute in Grand Rapids, Michigan (referred to as â€Å"the company†) and John Andrews (referred to as â€Å"the employee†). The terms of this AT-WILL Employment Contract are set forth below. Employment. The Company shall employ John Andrews as a building instructor. This employee shall provide to the Company the following services: John Andrews accepts and agrees to such employment, and agrees to be subject to the general supervision, advice, and direction of the owners of the Company. The employee should perform duties that are customarily performed by an employee in this position. The Company shall employ John Andrews at least forty hours a week including holidays. Also, the employee may be required to work weekends and some mandatory overtime every pay period. Best Efforts of Employment. The employee John Andrews agrees to perform to the best of his ability, experience, and talents to perform the duties that may be set forth or expressed by the Company including the implicit terms of this agreement. Ownership of Social Media. Any social media that is used by the employee while under Company time is property of the Company. This includes but is not limited to contacts acquired through the Company examples like addresses, blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Youtube, Linked In, and other social media. Compensation of Employee. As compensation for the services provided by John Andrews under this agreement, the Company will pay John Andrews an annual salary of $50,000 in accordance with the Company’s usual payroll procedures, not including overtime pay which will be based upon the usual hourly rate for such employment. Upon termination of this agreement, payment shall cease, however, John Andrews shall be compensated for periods or partial periods  that occurred prior to the date of termination. Confidentiality After Termination of Employment. The confidentiality of this agreement and information of the company are special and unique assets and need to be protected from improper disclosure. In consideration of this, John Andrews agrees that for a period of two years following termination or removal from the company whether voluntary or involuntary will not directly or indirectly engage in any business competition with the Builders Licensing and Training Insitute. Employee Name ______________________________ Date _________________ Employee Signature _______________________________ Date _________________

European Presence In Africa History Essay

European Presence In Africa History Essay Although there had been a British and greater European presence in Africa prior to the last two decades of the 19th century it was primarily coastal and revolved around the slave trade. With the abolition of the slave trade within the British Empire in 1803 and a complete abolition of slavery across the empire in 1834 there was little interest in Africa by Britain until the end of the century. This lack of interest in Africa did not include The Cape Colony though, which the British gained at the end of the Napoleonic Wars and which served a key role in outfitting ships on the British trade route to India. The role and importance of Africa to the British soon changed though do to imperial competition with France and Germany. Germany under the aggressive policies of Bismarck set out to take a leading role in Africa and catch up to other European powers such as Britain and France in terms of empire by gaining new control over territory and expanding their spheres of influence. Other important factors made Africa the hot spot for British and European expansion including the discovery of gold in the Transvaal and diamonds in the Orange Free State, the palm oil industry in Nigeria, scientific discoveries such as the way to treat malaria, and the mapping and exploration of the previously mysterious African interior early in the 19th century. In order to explore the nature of British expansion in Africa Porters The Lions Share and T.O. Lloyds The British Empire 1558-1995 are indispensable texts. Using their information on British expansion throughout Africa as a foundation it becomes possible to break down the period of greatest growth between 1880 and 1900 by analyzing British role in Africa prior to 1880, the external roles that competitors such as Germany and France had in forcing Englands imperial hand coupled with the internal economic drives for procuring areas of Africa, and the special case and significance of the Cape Colony and British Afrikaner relations. Britains early presence in Africa was exclusive to Sierra Leone, Gambia, The Gold Coast and The Cape Colony. They gained control of these areas in the late 18th or early 19th centuries. It is not until the 1860s that Britain and other European powers began to assert themselves in terms of gaining African territory making treaties. The scramble for Africa really has its beginnings in the late 1860s but does not began to fully take off until the 1880s when Britain, Germany, France, and to a smaller degree Italy begin to stake their claims. Britains previous African expansion had been very different then it would be in Africa during the scramble. The early British territories were either in primarily un-inhabited coastal regions or they had been gained from other European powers that had previously established sound control of territory such as with France in regard to The Cape Colony. Britains attitude toward African expansion doesnt really change in the last two decades of the 19th century from its long held overall view of keeping Africa on a shoestring. Its actions change radically though because of newly discovered economic opportunities and a need to respond to the actions other European powers. Although economic influence and foreign pressure created a reason for British expansion in the last two decades it is key to look at the small ways the British built a foundation for expansion starting in the 1850s and 1860s. For example David Livingstons exploration in Africa and the resulting publicity in the Victorian media opened Englands eyes in regards to Africa. He was most effective in creating interest by awakening Victorian morality concerning the still active slave trade occurring in east Africa. David Livingston had caught the public attention with his accounts of his explorations and his reminder that a slave trade on the east coast was still taking a gre at many slaves across the Indian Ocean to the Arab world. When he said that he was going back to Africa to make an open road for commerce and for Christianity he meant that unless a natural alternative was provided the slave trade was bound to go on (Lloyd, p. 182). Livingston was an icon to remind the British of Africa but his role alone did not fully set the foundation for later British growth in Africa. African expansion hadnt particularly been considered by because it wasnt viable do to high mortality rates caused by malaria and other tropical diseases and the lack of geographic knowledge of the African hinterland. These piece of the foundation started to come together though in the 1850s and 1860s to combined with Livingstons publicizing of Africa to build the base that would support the rapid expansion the would develop in the 1880s and 1890s. Advances inland were becoming a little more practicable because of advances in technology; People had known for centuries that quinine was a useful drug for tropical diseases, but it was really not until an expedition up the river Niger in 1854 succeeded in keeping its death rate very low by laying down that everybody must take a regular dose of quinine that the drugs value comprehensive value for preventative purposes was accepted. (Lloyd, p. 182) Careless behavior in exploring or expanding in Africa was not a sound choice even as of Livingstons death denoting the lack of interest Porter believes present prior to and through the much scramble for Africa in terms of the British governments desire for expansion in Africa. All the same Livingstons publicity and the work of other explorers and the use of quinine certainly contribute to the availability for British expansion in Africa by the 1880s. As the 1880s arrived and the stage was being set for African expansion. This is when a big impact from Social Darwinism played a huge role in Europes imperial ways. Social Darwinism of this period is generally understood as the idea that the strong have the moral right to rule over the weak. This concept is influential in the motivation to expand into Africa. The scramble for Africa primarily starts as French and German policies of expansion become apparent. It is important to make note though that the British government as of 1880 was lead by the anti-expansionist sentiments of Gladstone who came into office trying to deal with the imperial entanglements that the previous conservative government failed to clean up. The need to resolve conflicts in Africa began in Egypt in regards primarily to the Suez Canal. Egyptian mismanagement of the economy and military and a continually more strained relationship with France who had held considerable sway since the Napoleonic era in Egypt crea ted an opportunity for England to become more important in Egyptian affairs which the English desired because of the importance of the Suez Canal as an eastern trade route (Porter, p. 92-93). The situation in Egypt continued to worsen as France played less of a role because of concerns with Germany and with the debts mounting and the abdication of Khedive Ismail in 1879 something had to be done in order to bail out Egypt and preserve control over the Suez Canal. The British for the economic reasons attached with the canal stepped in and bought out the Egyptian shares in the Canal to help cancel some of the Egyptians debts. The debts were still not able to appropriately managed and rebellion broke out because of the wretched economy and the European presence in Egypt. At this point Britain was un-encumbered as France was with major concerns about Germany decide to go in and occupy Egypt so as to ensure the canal and bring about order. Along with Egypt, Britain soon came to similar situations in Nigeria, Uganda, and Kenya. The British had been present in Nigeria since the middle of the 19th century with many small companies involved in the palm oil and coco industries in 1879 these small companies were merged together through the leadership of George Goldie producing The Royal Niger Company. As other European powers began to encroach in on the area controlled by The Royal Niger Company Goldie requested favors from the imperial government to prevent the loss of Nigeria. France was moving east from Senegal. Germany gained control of Togoland and The Cameroons just to the south. The Belgians were making claims in the Congo to the southeast leaving Nigeria surrounded by other European powers. The problem primarily arose because Goldies company lacked a charter and had no real treaties with the tribes in Nigeria. As the encroachment became more severe Goldie gained a charter in 1886 granting his company the powers of government. Goldies administration turned out to be a success following the granting of a charter as The Royal Niger Company promptly went out and procured treaties with the principal rulers of the area-staking claim and effectively limiting the further growth of their neighbors. The situation of the Royal Niger Company once again highlights Gladstone and his anti-expansionist policy being manipulated and circumvented under external pressure. German expansion in eastern Africa prompts British annexation of The Buganda Kingdom, which will be come Uganda and Kenya and builds a close relationship with Zanzibar at the same time Goldie is making progress in Nigeria. The issue of Britain absorbing Uganda and Kenya came from the foreign minister Lord Salisbury who had a sincere yet somewhat implausible belief that the Germans would swallow up Uganda which is the wellspring of the Nile from there new colony of German East Africa and would create a massive water works and cut off the river decimating Egypt and making the Suez Canal worthless (Lloyd, p. 238). Salisbury spent much of his time hyping this idea and in the process found McKinnon and his British East Africa Company. The British East Africa Company seemed like the perfect way to establish a British presence in the regions of Uganda and Kenya. It also helped to solve the crisis occurring in Zanzibar. In 1888 Salisbury became convinced that the Sultan of Zanzibar was in real danger of having what remained to him of his dominions taken from him by Germany. British interests there had to be safeguarded, and the best way to do this seemed to be to underwrite McKinnons arrangement with the Sultan. In addition, there was considerable disquiet in the Foreign Office about what was happening in Uganda in the lakes region. The German explorer Karl Peters was threatening to take it; Bismarck denied that Germany was officially interested in the area, but only a few years back she had not been interested in The Camerooons or Zanzibar either (Porter, p. 109). At first this seemed sound but the British East Africa Company was poorly managed and was in competition with the east African slave trade. The company was in trouble right from the start but made efforts to get involved with the Buganda Kingdom who were the primary rulers of the hinterland. McKinnon sent missionaries and his military captain a man by the name of Lugard into the Buganda kingdom and they quiet successfully became overlords of the Buganda Kingdom with little bloodshed. The only problem that arose from this was the fact that the British East India Company had neither the money nor the military needed to politically control the region. Lugards expenses in the hinterland and the lack of financial growth by the government prompted Salisbury to try to get a rail line built between Mombassa and Lake Victoria. This plan was meet with little support and Lord Rosebery soon replaced Salisbury in 1892 (Lloyd, p. 239). Rosebery shared Salisbury interest in Uganda and also pushed for the building of the railway and a governmental take over of the Buganda Kingdom when the company failed in 1895. The railway was eventually built when Joseph Chamberlain came into power in 1895 and the region was soon divided into Kenya and Uganda. The annexation of the Buganda Kingdom ends the expansion of the British during the scramble for Africa but then special attention must be paid to southern Africa. The Cape Colony as was mentioned before was procured in 1795 from the French as a victor prize at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Although the British had gained the colony from France it was really Dutch in origin. The Dutch had begun settling the region as early as the middle 17th century. The Dutch population that represented the majority of the European population up until the middle of the 19th century settled the area so as to escape religious persecution in the Netherlands. The Dutch population that inhabited the cape colony was known as Afrikaners or Boers and they were staunch Calvinists. The Afrikaners were a unique culture that caused a fare degree of conflict when the British took over. They spoke their own version of Dutch known as Afrikaans and they were primarily agricultural and thus relied heavily on slave labor. As England encouraged emigration to the Cape Colony and the slave trade and slavery were abolished throughout the British Empire greater cultural conflict grew between the Afrikaners and the British. The abolition of slavery made the majority of Afrikaners feel that their rights were being impinged upon and so in 1836 under the leadership of Sir Benjamin DUrban and Piet Retieg a mass exodus of Afrikaners to the north occurred. Nearly 15,000 Afrikaners trekked north past the Orange River into unclaimed territory in the southern portion of the Zulu Nations territory and founded the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Britain is content to be rid of the Afrikaners for the time being and lets political issues rest in southern Africa until they grant representative government to the cape colony in the 1870s and there is British interests in unifying all of southern Africa. These desires become more intense when the opportunity arises because of the economic difficulties the Transvaal and the Orange Free State were experiencing and because of a new Zulu threat. Lord Carnarvon was the Colonial secretary under Disreli in the 1870s and he pushed for unification and in 1877 he was able to convince the Transvaal and the Orange Free State to be annexed in return for aide against the Zulu threat. When the governments Changed hands in Britain and Gladstone came to power the Afrikaners appealed to him for their independence back as they no longer needed the British as the Zulu had been neutralized. Gladstone was not impressed and it resulted in the rebellion that saw the British embarrassingly routed at Mejuba in 1880. In 1881 at the Convention of Pretoria Gladstone gave the Transvaal and the Orange Free State their independence back in a relationship of suzerainty. This meant that Britain would control native and foreign affairs for the Afrikaner States but that was all. The relationship between Britain and the Transvaal and the Orange Free State is revised once more at the London Convention of 1884 giving the Afrikaners control over native affairs. During this period though a change in economic status in the Afrikaner states economic changed British interests. Valuable diamond mines were discovered in the Orange Free State and the richest gold strike in the known world was found in the Transvaal. These discoveries resulted in a massive influx of people not only from the Cape Colony and Britain but also from around the world. This mass emigration made the Afrikaners insecure and they didnt want to grant citizenship to the newly arrived people they called Uitlanders because it would mean that they would lose political control. This economic growth produced a renewed interest in consolidating the south of Africa but the British were still no closer to a solution. Two methods of achieving this federation, the voluntary and the coercive, had both been tried and failed. The current hope in the 1890s was that (in Lord Salisburys words) by impressing them, they might be compelled to fall in line and to join the great unconscious federation that is growing up (Porter, p. 100). It soon became clear that impressing the newly wealthy Afrikaner nations were not going to be impressed into unification either. A new political figure then joins the picture named Cecil Rhodes who eventually pushed the British effort at unification forward in some ways. He became a millionaire because of the diamond mines and rose to control both the British South Africa Company and act as Governor of the Cape Colony. He had British interests a heart but also thought unification would be a positive step forward for the Afrikaners and managed to have some respect with the Afrikaners at least early on in his efforts. Although unification did not happen until the beginning of the 20th century after he had lost his position as governor of the Cape Colony and shamed himself by trying to take the Afrikaner states by force in a failed action called the Jameson Raid he laid the groundwork for the unification that would come at the end of the Boer War. The unification would consist of the conglomeration of the Cape Colony, Natal to east, and the Transvaal, and the Orange Free State. Rhodes Tried to return to Cape Colony politics after settling tribal disputes in Rhodesia which was also under British control do in many ways to Rhodes role as head of the British South Africa Company but without success. The southern portion of Africa did not fully stabilize until after the end of the scramble for Africa in the first years of the 20th century (Porter, p. 243-44). British imperial growth in Africa during the last two decades of the 19th century was on the grand scale. This growth was not due to a British expansionist policy. This is made particularly clear under Gladstones government but through reactionary response to other European powers imperial conquests, both failed and successful economic reasons were also influential in expansion, and by British imperialists at home and in Africa who were kept on shoestrings and forced expansion such as with the cape colony and to some degree the British East Africa company in the Boganda Kingdom. African expansion at this time was closely compared to Asian expansion. The first reason was that Africa was not really so valueless by contrast with Asia; South Africa especially was rapidly becoming a treasure-house itself with it diamonds and gold and the prospect of much more to come, and from Indias point of view it, and Suez at the other end of the continent, were as essential as ever for access to Britain. The second reason was that Africa was easier for Britain to defend anyway. None of her rivals there had the natural advantages Russia had in Asia except perhaps the Afrikaners, and they were underrated; Britains naval strength could count for more, and her military weakness need show less in skirmishes with Africans or European expeditionary forces then in wars with standing armies; and there was no India to fall apart at the first sign of trouble (Porter, p.163). The British role in Africa only began with the scramble for Africa. British influence would continue to grow until the African colonies began to gain their independence in the middle and second half of the 20th century.