Terrorism has become a major concern in todays world

Terrorism has become a major concern in todays world Terrorism is widespread around the world. On September 11, 2001, the attacks on New York not only inflicted thousands of casualties and significant economic damage, but also marked the beginning of a new era of terror in which counter-terrorism has become one of the highest priorities for international institutions and national governments. Ruinous events including the modern attacks in Madrid, London, Bali, and Mumbai have placed fights against terrorism high on the political agenda. As a result, many governments reacted not only by limiting civil rights and individual freedoms but also by raising their budgets for anti-terror spending. Terrorism is stated as one of the main challenges to global security. This has led to terrorism affecting a national social and economic development. Hence, the most critical evolution of a strategy is how to reduce the threat and result of catastrophic terrorism while protecting public liberties. This essay will describe and analyze the economic cos ts and overall consequences of terrorism for society, and thus provide and evaluate several practicable solutions to counter-terrorism. These include governmental aids and international cooperation strategies. Terrorism has a complicated definition that has spread all over history appropriately describes in many expressions. Among the variety of definitions of the term are: to create regular social activity difficult; to make high image impact on the public with the goal of destroying public confidence in their own government; to seek revenge on everything without justice; to cause as much casualties as possible; and to make physical suffering and stupefying psychological emotions, such as a sense of grief, anxiety, fear, unrest, chaos, anger and panic (Drummond 2002; Loza 2007). Terrorism in reaction to political power or ideology is not a new phenomenon. This type of political violence and crime has occurred since the dawn of human chronicle. The nature of this form of political conflict has changed over time, though, developing from domestic activities to regional and international events. Because of this, terrorism has become an experience shared by many individuals, organizations, and states. Nowadays, global terrorism has become a severe actuality in society. In the 19th century, some of the most famous events of terrorism happened by anarchists who murdered many political leaders. There are several reasons have given for the use of terrorist movements. Franks (2009) points out that terrorist activities are advanced plans and beyond public expectation, the main elements are shocking, and illegal violence versus common people and non-armed personnel for the sake of threatening or forcing civilian population or a government to accept an underlying ideology of terrorism or armed attack of demands. Terrorist events are depicted according to the dynamic type of uncertainty. For instance, terrorists use suicide bombings, armed attacks, and kidnapping, to accomplish goals of inflicting damage against the military, people and government. Whatever terrorist attacks depend on, the terrorist facilities and locations and time of occurrence will bring different outcomes. Terrorism has critically affected international economic harmony between the economy and led to panic. Recently, developments in terrorist acts, in particular the 9/11 events have created vast collapses in the global economy. Lenain et al. (2002) mentioned that nearly 200,000 jobs were devastated and people have been forced to move out of New York City, and this is only temporary minimum. Manhattan has lost scores of businesses and about 30 percent of its office places have vanished. Furthermore, the damage of physical property was calculated sum of $14 billion for private businesses, thus the state and local government had spent at least $1.5 billion enterprises and $700 million for federal government. Following the cleanup, rescue and related costs have been calculated the sum of $11 billion. For trade and commercial assets, casualty insurers, the calculated costs arising from the 9/11 attacks in total $40 billion U.S. dollars. (Brown et al. 2002).The global tourism, financial mark ets and the airline industries had a huge collision in short-term effect. Despite the global economy has recovered from the 9/11 event and adapting to the new global realities, thus the asset markets that around the world can feel the longer-term impact of security risk in high-risk premiums, also the handling terrorism in substitution for resources. In terms of its economic impact, the 9/11 attacks exacerbated the defects already observed seen in the global economy in 2001. Abadie and Gardeazabal (2008) state that before the terrorist attacks, great economic depression in the United States had already increased unemployment and equally revealed global total demand fell on the back of weakness in the United States economy. Based on purchaser and merchant surveys, demonstrated decline in the overall confidence measured in the United States due to 9/11 attacks, and in other countries with similar in extent measure. Therefore, counter-terrorism procedures are required in order to settl e the social, cultural and governmental panic caused by terrorism. As the result of the terrorism has destroyed the whole world economical conditions, if the society and the government want to return to the regular path and operation, counter-terrorism can be the only solution. Terrorism not only causes social problems, but inevitably aggravates international stability. That is why security is to encourage by governments to improve counter-terrorism in seven different methods: Development of terrorist detailed databases and relevant intelligence gathering; Creation and use of third-force, by means of build special military units, or Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams to deal with terrorist cases (Branscomb, 2004); Countries should signing and complete of new treaties; Adequate use and development of anti-terrorist technologies; Extended use of counter-terrorism intelligence and justice; Signing and implement of new laws in violation of national and international terrorism (Boulden, 2009); Keep suspected terrorists and their supporters under su rveillance. Therefore, governments could built an anti-terrorism systems; such a system brings together advanced and diverse and technologies, reconnaissance missions, persistent intelligence and surveillance, to potential actions. Another valuable way to defeat terrorism is by refusing resources to the terrorists. As Sandler and Enders (2004) emphasized, it is more productive to deny terrorists resources of financing, support groups, weapons, propaganda, recruits and intelligence. Rather than trying to protect wealth at risk which is extraordinarily hard or impossible in view of the extremely large amount of purpose and substitute possibilities. With use these ways to resist terrorism will control the terrorist activities in actuality or potency. The scope of international cooperation and mutual support should range from local law enforcement and first responders to corporations, states and regions, up to and including nations and international organizations. For example, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an institution that combats terrorism at the international level that includes Russia, China, and the central Asia republics, sharing intelligence and has a training program in Bishkek (Intriligator, 2009). Another suggestion has been the collection and timely analysis of superior intelligence, both human and technologically be captured. Although the aims of counter terrorism require nations cooperation, government agencies lack for a common definition of the term terrorism. Thus, there have some of the perplexities that impede effectively counter-terrorism, these include the lacking of cooperation; not only between countries that may have helpful terrorist information, but also among state agencies who have an intere st in monitoring terrorism. Mass of these entities are refuse to share information to each other, especially secret intelligence, only when they believe that it is in their short-term political benefits. Also, countries will need to rely more on good informants. Stewar (2009) claim that the confidential nature of anti-terrorist organizations, including the inability to develop appropriate sources, and the lack of expertise in appropriate foreign languages caused many intelligence make it difficult for agencies to obtain detailed information on terrorist organizations. Therefore, states should develop a holistic national database to track suspected terrorists and to permit criminal justice to integrate the appropriate infrastructure. These plausible solutions will most definitely be useful in practicing counter-terrorism. In conclusion, counter terrorism will become an ineluctable part of our lives. Even though the immediate economic influence of the 9/11 events was devastating, consumer confidence and the stock markets recovered rapidly. Public cost on military operations and security is rising. The governments use counter-force in terms of anti-terrorism, carrying out passive sanction in reality and disincentive policy to presumptive terrorists to reduce the event of terrorism. Countries and their national security agencies must also carefully balance the personal freedoms of citizens versus that of the pursuit of terrorists. Otherwise, there would be a lot of repression and the legitimacy of the existing regime would be questionable. In reprisal of terrorist actions, there is always the possibility of collateral damage, especially when innocent civilians are detained, injury of death and when property is damaged or destroyed. Terrorist attacks will cause economic social and political panic; therefo re, every country should adopt complete policies and operations to resist terrorism, through governmental aids and international cooperation strategies. By solving the problems caused by terrorism, nationals will indubitably draw closer to a more harmonious and peaceful world. References ¼Ã… ¡ Abadie, A Gardeazabal, J 2008, Terrorism and the world economy, European Economic Review, vol. 52, pp. 1-27. Boulden, J 2009, Terrorism and civil wars, Royal Military College of Canada, vol. 11, no.1, pp.5-21. Branscomb, L 2004, Protecting civil society from terrorism: the search for a sustainable strategy, Technology in Society, vol. 26, pp. 271-285. Brown, JR, Kroszner, RS Jenn, BH 2002, Federal terrorism risk insurance, Nberworking Paper, vol. 9271. Drummond, JT 2002. How to fight terrorism: alternatives to deterrence, Defence and Peace Economics, vol. 14, pp. 237-249. Franks, J 2009, Rethinking the roots of terrorism: beyond orthodox terrorism theory-a critical research agenda, Global Society, vol. 23, No. 2, pp154-176. Intriligator, MD 2009, The economics of terrorism, Economic Inquiry, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 1-13. Lenain, P Bonturi, M V 2002 The economic consequences of terrorism, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Discussion Paper, vol. 20, pp. 22-30. Loza, W 2007, The psychology of extremism and terrorism: a Middle-Eastern perspective, Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol.12, pp.141-155. Sandler, T. and Enders, W. 2004, An economic perspective on transnational terrorism,European Journal of Political Economy, vol.20,pp.301-316. Stewar, MG 2009 , Risk-informed decision support for assessing the costs and benefits of counter-terrorism protective measures for Infrastructure, International Journal of Critical Infrastructur protection, vol. 3,pp.29-40.

How Changes on Aggregate Demand Influence Price Levels

Diana Gaita Economics FB1 Discuss how changes on aggregate demand influence price levels, output levels and employment. The meaning of â€Å"aggregate† is added together. All of the elements introduced in microeconomics are totaled in macroeconomics. Aggregate demand and supply analysis brings together the amount that consumers wish to consume and firms wish to produce at any price levels. Aggregate demand (AD) is the total demand for final goods and services in the economy (Y) at a given time and price level. Also it is the amount of goods and services that will be purchased at all possible price levels in the economy.This is called the demand for the Gross Domestic Product of a country when inventory levels are static. The formula for aggregate demand is AD= C + I + G + (X-M); C – Consumption, I – Investment, G – Government Spending, X – Exports, M – Imports. The AD curve is downward sloping but it’s not because people buy more when things are cheaper. There are three ways to explain the downward sloping of the AD curve: * Lower prices in an economy mean international competitiveness, so there are more exports and fewer imports. In other words, net exports are higher at lower prices. The total amount of spending will be approximately equal to weather prices are low or high people have almost the same amount of money to spend, so the area under the curve is fairly constant. This is known as the real balance effect. * At higher price levels, interest rates are likely to be rising by the monetary authorities. This means that investment, a component of aggregate demand, will fall and saving might increase. There are three main components of aggregate demand: * The Price Level and Consumption:   The Wealth Effect A decrease in the price level makes consumers feel wealthier, which in turn encourages them to spend more.This increase in consumer spending means larger quantities of goods and services demanded. When co nsumers feel insecure with their job security and incomes they are more likely to save money. Since there is a positive relationship between consumption and aggregate demand, an increase in consumption will result in an in crease in the aggregate demand. This shift will contribute to higher levels of output and this could have positive and negative effects. An increase in output usually results in higher levels of employment, since more workers are needed to produce the goods and services.When consumption shifts the AD curve to right, the general price levels tend to increase. This occurs because consumers demand more goods and services and the aggregate supply may take a long time to respond to the changes due to limited resources. This can lead to a demand-pull inflation. However, this is not always the case. Countries try to increase their aggregate supply in order to respond to the changes in AD. If they achieve this, the output will rise due to an increase in consumption, promo ting economic growth and employment, but prices will remain the same or rise by a smaller percentage, preventing the high level of inflation. The Price Level and Investment: The Interest Rate Effect This usually occurs when a lower price level reduces the interest rate, which encourages greater spending on investment goods. This increase in investment spending means a larger quantity of goods and services demanded. This means when firms and individuals finance the capital stock invest in such things as machinery, this can result in employment rate decreasing. Interest rates play a big role when firms decide upon how much money to invest. If they are too high, it is a discouragement for firms to borrow as its costs rise, thus decreasing their disposable income decreases.However, investment is not only affected by interest rates. The interest elasticity of demand tends to be very low since investors have a variety of factors to take into consideration when deciding upon how much and w here to invest. In some cases, investors do not borrow money from banks, so interest rate fluctuations will not have any significant effect on levels of investment. Confidence in future sales patterns and government incentive and regulations will also affect the investment levels. Another injection in the economy is the multiplier effect of the investment.In the economy, the money invested today will have a greater impact such as increasing the levels of output in the future. This is because investment rises the capital stock. With an evolution in technology, the machineries help production become faster and cheaper, thus contributing greatly to increasing the output in long-term. * The Price Level and Net Exports:   The Exchange-Rate Effect Exports represent an injection into the circular flow of income, in that the money paid for goods and services sold abroad enters the domestic flow of income.Imports mean that there is an outflow of money, and exports minus imports gives the t otal movement of funds known as net exports. There are a number of reasons why the value of net exports might change. If the exchange rate increases in value against other currencies, imports become cheaper and exports more expensive on world markets. Over time, people respond to these relative price movements and the demand for exports falls and the demand for imports rises. A stronger currency will worsen net exports, whereas a weaker currency will improve the figure.Also, for example if a fall in the UK price level causes UK interest rates to fall, the real exchange rate depreciates, which stimulates UK net exports. The increase in net export spending means a larger quantity of goods and services demanded. However, in the short run the price elasticity of demand for exports and imports tends to be low. This may be because contracts have been signed for specific deals in international trade, or because the traded components are a very small percentage of firms’ overall cost s.In conclusion, the aggregate demand changes in response to a change in any of its components. A raise in consumption, investment, exports and net exports will shift the AD curve to the right. This usually results in an increase in prices and an increase of the total output of the economy, but there are many other factors affecting this process. All societies experience short-run economic fluctuations around long-run trends, these fluctuations are irregular and largely unpredictable.When recessions occur, real GDP and other measures of income, spending, and production fall, and unemployment rises. Economists analyze short-run economic fluctuations using the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model. According to the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, the output of goods and services and the overall level of prices adjust to balance aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The aggregate-demand curve slopes downward for three reasons:   a wealth effect, an interest rat e effect, and an exchange rate effect.

The Zoo Story by Edward Albee Essay - 765 Words

In a crowded city such as Manhattan, it was no wonder that a man like Jerry felt lonely. He was without a friend, a mother and father, and the typical wife, two children, and a dog,; that many others had. Jerry was thrown in a world that he felt did not want him, and his human flaw of wanting to escape loneliness led to his tragic death. In Edward Albees play, The Zoo Story, all Jerry wanted was to be heard and understood, and in the end, after sharing his life story with a complete stranger, he got his final wish - death. The Zoo Story not only tells of the alienation of man in modern society, but also reflects the philosophy of twentieth century existentialism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jerry made a conscious choice of wanting to†¦show more content†¦Peter found that to live in this hostile world, it was better to conform with society and, as Jerry accused him, make sense out of things and bring order.; Both the mens acceptance, however, led to the isolation of the individual, where Jerry felt alone not by choice, while Peter, even though he lived according to the rules of society, still managed to isolate himself because he lived in a household of females. He achieved his sense of satisfaction with the world by coming to the same part of the park to read. Ive come here for years; I have hours of great pleasure, great satisfaction. And thats important to a man.; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Although both Jerry and Peter came from the same city, both encountered different experiences. Each had a different way of interpreting lifes mishaps, and the way that they chose to handle certain situations led to the ultimate conclusion of their well-being. Jerry found that his death was appropriate in order to escape the unforgiving world, while Peter found it difficult to perceive that one would think of such a deadly solution to ones feelings of isolation. Peter was shocked when he saw Jerry on the bench slowly dying amp;#8211; replying nothing more than oh my god; amp;#8211; while Jerry, on the other hand, replied with thank you.; Even though life was unexplainable, Jerry did not try to reason his lifeShow MoreRelatedThe Zoo Story by Edward Albee598 Words   |  2 Pages Edward Albee and his play of The Zoo Story is set on a bench located in New York City famous Central Park. This bench is the setting throughout the entire play as various topics are discussed. 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Albee became famous and received numerous amount of awards. He won awards for his plays that include Seascape, Three Tall womenRead MoreThe Game Of Life : Who s Afraid Of Virginia Woolf?1849 Words   |  8 PagesThe Game of Life in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Edward Franklin Albee, is an American playwright known for his works such as The Zoo Story, The Sandbox and Who s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? He had an unpleasant childhood as he had a challenging relationship with his adoptive parents; especially his mother who was distant and unloving. Among Albee’s one-act plays, The Zoo Story, The Sandbox and The American Dream were the most successful, but his first full-length play, Who’s Afraid of VirginiaRead MoreThe Theater Of The Absurd1937 Words   |  8 Pagesthat he also clarifies the idea of death, which is linked to the absurdity of life. Albee is mainly concerned with the absurdity and criticizes the chaos of the modern American community. His characters cannot comprehend the meaning of their existence in this world or why they survive. Albee thinks that the existence of the individual is meaningless, because, he cannot find the answer to the many questions. Albee presented his character’s uncertainty in their life, man always looking for meaningRead MoreThe World War II : An Important Factor Influencing Human Behavior1936 Words   |  8 Pageswealthy is possible, but it cannot be continual: a man should aim to gain the valuable quality of morality to establish a real life far from the fantasy and deception of others. In relation to the plays in this study, we find that in The Zoo Story, both Peter and Jerry represent certain values in American society. Regarding Peter, his financial success and his perfect family inspired him, and he seeks to achieve a capitalist approach to the American Dream. On the other hand, Jerry has no wife